Into Unscientific

Chapter 336 – Goodbye, 1850! (1) (9.8K!!)

Chapter 336 Goodbye, 1850! (1) (9.8K!)

“Why, why is this happening?”

“Where’s the ether? Where’s the ether?!”

“God, show me your grace and tell me it’s not true”

“You are one by one.”

Next to the Michelson interferometer.

Looking at the chaotic scene in front of him, Xu Yun suddenly had a subtle sense of déjà vu:

Right now.

The imaging plate beside him seems to be an inscription engraved with the word “Dian”, with the word “Ether” written on it, and the year of its birth and death is engraved in the lower left corner:

243 BC—1851.11.5

As for this authority or nobleman of various industries who stood by the imaging board trembling, and even collapsed on the ground and howled loudly.

are those mourners who cry before the laying of the altar.

Huh?

This seems to match what Avelyn was wearing before.

And just as Xu Yun sighed.

Specifically, he has two positions.

An old man with gray hair who was looking at the imaging board in confusion suddenly stood up from the ground.

I saw him strode towards Xu Yun, grabbed Xu Yun’s collar with both hands, and shouted to him in despair:

“Yes, it must be you! You must have done something to this equipment, right?!”

Looking at the old man with a strong Apennines accent, Xu Yun allowed him to grab his collar without taking countermeasures.

Once the other party is not young, it may hurt the other party if you do it easily.

Secondly, his name is

Amodio Avogadro.

That’s right.

is the Avogadro of the Avogadro constant.

This is a senior with a very high status in the history of science, and he is not a pressure father who has targeted Avelyn.

From a mathematical point of view, the supporters and pressure Lao Tzu of the ether theory are actually the relationship between sets and subsets.

95% of the latter belongs to the former, but the former is not necessarily the latter.

Avogadro appeared here not because he wanted to put pressure on Avelyn, but because Xu Yun assisted Faraday in calculating the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons. This was a discovery that could be called vital to him.

So then.

The molecular tycoon dragged his dying body, and ran all the way to Cambridge University excitedly to join in the fun.

Who would have thought of the result.

This unlucky guy is just like the aunt in a certain news in later generations.

It turned out that on the way home from get off work, I heard that there was a fire and came to join in the fun, but it turned out that my house was on fire.

In fact, there are many people similar to Avogadro on the scene.

Such as mentioned earlier.

Wheat and Lao Tang are all supporters of the ether theory. In the original timeline, Lao Tang tried to rescue the ether theory many times on important occasions.

to some extent.

The foundation of the ether theory even exceeds the later theory of relativity:

Because ether is just an easy-to-understand model, somewhat similar to the dark matter of later generations, which does not involve much calculation and professional knowledge.

And the theory of relativity needs a very high mathematical foundation to really understand and learn.

Therefore, it is not unusual for people like Avogadro to appear on the scene.

The line of sight returns to reality.

Avogadro held onto Xu Yun’s collar tightly, his eyes seemed fierce, but Xu Yun saw despair and even…

A hint of begging.

He seemed to be hoping that Xu Yun would let go and admit that he had indeed tampered with the interferometer.

Naihe responded to him, only Xu Yun sighed softly:

“Sorry, Mr. Avogadro, I did not make any changes to the interferometer.”

“This. You should have the answer.”

Avogadro muttered a few times at the corner of his mouth when he heard this, and suddenly his whole body relaxed, and he weakly let go of the hand that was holding Xu Yun’s collar.

The aura of a furious lion that was disguised before disappeared instantly.

Later generations all know that Avogadro is a master of chemistry, but few people know that Avogadro’s attainments in physics are also extremely high.

Avogadro was hired as a professor of physics at the Royal Academy of Vercelli in 1809, and in 1820 he became a professor of mathematics and physics at the University of Turin.

It was not until last year that he officially retired.

thus long before the opening.

He actually guessed Xu Yun’s answer.

It’s just that deep down in his heart he has been afraid or unwilling to believe that’s all.

Right now.

Standing in front of Xu Yun was only a decadent little old man with messy hair.

Looking at the slumped Avogadro, he then glanced at other frustrated bosses not far away.

Xu Yun sighed again.

This is the cruelty of the history of science.

Every major change in the history of human science will basically overthrow the previous building, and then rebuild on the ruins

In the seemingly glamorous physical building of later generations, there are many desolate and desperate stories buried underground.

Just as Xu Yun and Avogadro were silent, a middle-aged man in his early thirties walked up to him.

This person’s figure is a bit bloated, with slightly bulging cheeks on both sides.

With short hair, he looks quite upright.

However, in stark contrast to Fang Zheng’s appearance, he spoke words full of hostility:

“Mother Xipi, Luo Feng, right? I have already discovered the mistakes and omissions of your experiment!”

Looking at the swearing man in front of him, Xu Yun couldn’t help but smile as well.

Earlier, when welcoming the guests, Xu Yun once stayed under the tree with Avelyn, listening to the rich woman chant the “crimes” of every stressful old man or stressful kid.

There are a lot of these visitors, but Xu Yun actually only remembers a few of them.

The face of the man in front of him is quite outstanding, somewhat similar to the square-faced monkeys of later generations, and is highly recognizable.

So when Avelyn introduced many guests before, Xu Yun also wrote down the identities of the guests.

This man is called Georgia Terry, an Englishman, and he is a standard stress kid.

According to Aveline’s thoughts.

This guy almost writes an article criticizing Avelyn’s personal life almost every Saturday, just like later generations play games and schedule copies next weekend.

At the same time.

This man is different from Doppler and Clausius.

Although Doppler and the others are under pressure, their abilities are not low.

One discovered the Doppler effect and was the first professor of physics at the University of Vienna.

The other is one of the founders of thermodynamics, who proposed the concept of entropy.

Although their status is far lower than that of the Mavericks, they can be regarded as famous in history.

But Georgia Terry.

He is just an editor of a newspaper, and he has never even studied in university.

By relying on his editorial status, he became one of the team members of the dungeon, madly using Avelyn to earn achievements.

According to the personality of this person introduced by Aveline, the other party should not be chatting with me, right?

as predicted.

came to Xu Yun.

Georgia Terry raised the calculation paper with a wooden board in his hand, and said to Xu Yun with an exaggerated expression:

“Luo Feng, I have found the loophole in your experiment, you despicable villain!”

Then he walked quickly to the light arm of the interferometer, raised his hands and clapped his palms in the air a few times, and shouted loudly to the surroundings:

“Gentlemen present, please pay attention to me, I have something to announce!”

“I, Georgia Terry, have discovered the loophole in Luo Feng’s experiment!”

“The ether still exists, and the advantage is still with me!”

Georgia Terry’s words were particularly clear in the somewhat dead silence of the scene, and spread across the open space in an instant.

Hear this statement.

Including the depressed Avogadro.

Many bosses who had originally looked hopeless showed a glimmer of hope again, and bursts of discussion gradually sounded:

“God, has a savior appeared?”

“Really? Someone found a loophole in the experiment?”

“So many experts at the scene failed to discover the mistakes and omissions, can he really?”

“What’s his name?”

“I can’t make it.”

Looking at the gazes focused on him, Georgia Terry couldn’t help puffing out his chest proudly.

After everyone gathered, he pointed to the light arm of the interferometer and said:

“As you can see, if we draw a circle with any point O as the point, and the arm lengths OM1 and OM2 are perpendicular to each other and have the same length with high precision, what kind of figure will appear?”

“The answer is an isosceles right triangle.”

“Because the earth is moving, when the light moves from O to M2, the mirror M2 of the interferometer has moved to the returning path point A, and then reflects from A to path point B, and the light finally goes to the receiver R.”

“So, the actual distance traveled by the light at the arm length of OM2 is just the two waists of the isosceles triangle of OAB.”

“But what if the light is disturbed by the ether during this process?”

“Don’t forget, since light can form interference fringes on the imaging plate, it means that it shows a wave nature in this experiment.”

“It can be calculated from the plane optical path that if the light is disturbed, the two optical arms cannot actually be perpendicular.”

“In this way, although the length of the optical arm remains the same, the actual optical path difference will be shortened.”

Finish these.

Georgia Terry pointed at Xu Yun and snorted coldly:

“So Luo Feng, there is a huge loophole in your experiment, that is, you ignored the effect of the ether passing on the wave, which affected the optical path difference!”

After talking about what Georgia Terry thought of, he sneered:

“Unless…you can prove that the light exhibits a particle state during the operation of the optical arm, and then becomes a wave state on the imaging plate. Ha!”

After finishing speaking, Georgia Terry laughed out loud as if Prime Minister Cao possessed himself.

Looking at the self-satisfied Georgia Terry beside him, Xu Yun’s expression was a little bit.

Subtle.

how to say

Is this a condom handed to you when you want to sleep?

Georgia Terry’s analysis is actually quite simple to explain:

Light has two properties of wave and particle. Among them, the interference fringes that appear in the final link of the imaging plate represent that it exhibits wave nature in the experiment.

Wave transmission requires a medium, so who can guarantee that it is not the medium of ether that interferes with the wave?

Ether interferes with the wave, then the vertical and plane optical paths will be affected, the angle between the optical arms seems to be 90°, but in fact it may only be 89.99999°.

This kind of tiny error cannot be measured with existing science and technology, but in the calculation of the order of light speed, it will indeed lead to errors.

This is a logical closed loop, similar to

Which came first, the chicken or the egg?

But it’s not.

The same thing as the egg problem can be explained religiously by the plug-in of creation.

Georgia Terry’s question also has a theoretical wall-breaking method:

Just use mathematics to negate the computational problems first, and then prove that light can exhibit both particle and wave properties in one experiment.

That is to say, the light is a particle when it runs on the light arm, and it will not be affected by the ether.

And when it passes through the beam splitter and hits the imaging plate, it becomes a wave again.

It’s just that in Georgia Terry’s view, this kind of situation is absolutely impossible to happen, even if the calf is resurrected, it can’t do this.

Therefore, it is destined to be a problem that Xu Yun is helpless.

Think here.

Xu Yun’s gaze towards Georgia Terry immediately included.

Grateful and gratified.

be honest.

Originally, the current situation of the bosses crying and mourning continued, and he really didn’t know how to start the third experiment smoothly.

Everyone is crying and desperate, how many people would be willing to go to the third open space with him?

If the experiment in the third open space cannot be started, then tonight’s big show will lack a finale.

True Savior.

Of course.

Before that, it is necessary to deny Georgia Terry’s statement from a mathematical point of view.

So Xu Yun thought for a while, turned around and said to Mai Mai, who should be helping Gauss at this time, but was forced to have a shadow clone and was in charge of calibrating the interferometer due to a mistake made by a foolish author:

“Student Maxwell, please bring me a blackboard, and ask Mr. Thomson to turn on the light.”

Wheat nodded upon hearing this:

“clear.”

After a few minutes.

Mai Mai dragged a blackboard back to Xu Yun.

Xu Yun and Georgia Terry had already surrounded a group of people, and Avogadro, Doppler and others were among them.

Wait until the blackboard is properly placed.

Xu Yun glanced at Georgia Terry, picked up a pen, and wrote a few words on the blackboard:

Light source, imaging plate, mirror m1, mirror m2.

Then he drew a horizontal line under these words, and said to the surroundings:

“Gentlemen, as you can see, these four words are the key devices in our experiment.”

“As for the spectroscope, since it does not involve mathematical calculations, it is not included. This should be fine, right?”

Including Georgia Terry, everyone nodded.

This is the most intuitive information, no one can deny it.

Then Xu Yun paused, and then said:

“As for the light arm we are talking about, it is actually a whole composed of the light source, the mirror and the connection between the two.”

“At any moment, the length of the light arm is constant—or at any moment, the distance between the light source and the mirror is constant.”

“Is this okay?”

His answer was still approval.

Finish these.

Xu Yun glanced at Georgia Terry playfully, and the corners of his mouth curled up slightly uncontrollably:

“As for the so-called loophole of Mr. Georgia Terry, it can actually be divided into two parts, the vertical light path and the horizontal light path.”

“Although most of his thoughts are discussing the vertical light path, let’s discuss the mistakes he made when analyzing the horizontal light path first, Maxwell!”

Wheat on the side was shocked when he heard the words:

“Here, Mr. Luo Feng.”

Xu Yun snapped his fingers at him and threw the chalk at him:

“Wheat, you give this gentleman the whole job and tell him where he went wrong.”

Wheat nodded upon hearing this, took the chalk, and glanced at Georgia Terry again.

After thinking for about half a minute, he wrote down two formulas on the blackboard:

OM1+M1O.

OM1+Vt1+OM1-V（t11-t1）=2OM1+V（2t1-t11）

Then put a cross behind the first formula.

Put a √ after the second formula.

Look at the two formulas on the blackboard.

A mathematics professor among the crowd suddenly took a deep breath:

“hiss”

Wheat didn’t write much content, but after all, there were many real masters in mathematics and science on the scene, and their comprehension skills were still full.

After a little analysis, they immediately understood what wheat was thinking.

Students who have studied high school physics should know it.

The trajectory of an object is different in different reference frames.

For example, suppose you are riding a train, and your trajectory relative to the train is a fixed point.

And your trajectory relative to the ground reference system is a straight line.

This principle also applies to the optical path.

The core of the ether hypothesis is that it holds that the speed of light relative to ether is constant.

So if you want to compare the time difference between two beams of light hitting the mirror from the light source and returning to the light source, it is more convenient to choose the ether as the reference system.

Wheat’s thinking is like this.

When t=0.

The light starts from the light source O.

When t=t1.

Light reaches the mirror.

At this time, because the whole experimental equipment has moved to the right for a certain distance relative to the ether, the position of the mirror has changed from M1 point to the right distance Vt1.

So the length of this optical path is:

OM1+Vt1.

When the light returns to the source.

Assume that the light returns to the light source at t=t11, and the light source has moved for t11 seconds at this time.

So the position of the light source is the distance Vt11 to the right of the original point O.

The optical path of this section is:

OM1+Vt1-Vt11=OM1-V(t11-t1).

Combine two optical paths.

In the etheric reference system, the total optical path length of the horizontal light should be:

OM1+Vt1+OM1-V(t11-t1)=2OM1+V(2t1-t11). (There should be no mistake in the calculation. If there is a mistake, I hope the boss will correct me.)

And Georgia Terry wrote OM1+M1O, obviously wrong.

Then Wheat shrugged, pointed to the formula and said:

“Actually, it is easy to see from this formula that 2t1 will be significantly greater than t11, because the light’s outgoing journey is longer than the return journey.”

“When light travels from the light source to mirror one, it is ‘chasing’ the mirror.”

“When returning from the mirror to the light source, the light source moves against the light.”

“So, it takes longer for light to travel from the light source to the mirror than it takes for light to travel from the mirror back to the light source.”

“Therefore, Mr. Terry’s analysis is wrong just from the reasoning explanation of the horizontal light path.”

Georgia Terry opened his mouth, and there was a trace of panic in his eyes:

“I”

However, Xu Yun didn’t give him a chance to explain. Instead, he took Maimai’s words and gave him the knife again:

“Mr. Terry, the direction of motion of the light source, mirror, and imaging plate are all east. Or in other words, right – because they move relative to the ether.”

“That is to say, the direction of motion of the light source and mirror 1 is along the straight line between point O and point M1.”

“The direction of movement of mirror two is along the straight line where point M2 and point A are located.”

“In the etheric reference system, because the ray aims at point A when it starts, when the mirror 2 translates from the position of M2 to point A, the ray just arrives at point A.”

“Then it is reflected back to point B by the mirror, so there is actually no problem with the optical path difference.”

“So Mr. Terry, the loophole you mentioned does not exist at all from a mathematical point of view!”

This time.

Many people also nodded subconsciously.

What Xu Yun said is very simple and easy to understand.

For example, the car driven by the reader has a left wheel and a right wheel. The distance between the left wheel and the right wheel is the width of your car.

That is, the length of the transmission rod connecting the left wheel and the right wheel is fixed at any time, even if the car is moving.

But in the ground frame of reference.

The distance between the current position of the left wheel and the position of the right wheel two seconds later in motion, and the line between these two spatial positions, is not equal to the distance between your left wheel and your right wheel.

Assume this moment.

There is a little mouse running from the left wheel of the car along the transmission rod to the right wheel of the car. The track of the little mouse relative to the ground is a diagonal line.

The length of this track is not equal to the length of the transmission rod.

This is the optical path difference caused by the reference system.

So in mathematics.

The Michelson-Morley experiment has already taken the optical path difference into account.

Of course.

Maybe some students will ask:

The speed of light is much faster than that of a car, so is there really no error in this optical path difference?

The answer is actually no.

But this value is so small that it can be ignored even in the calculation of the speed of light.

This is a phenomenon supported by actual data, which comes from gravitational waves.

Mentioned earlier.

The gravitational wave detector LIGO, to put it bluntly, is actually a large Michelson-Morley device.

Each set of LIGO detectors has two long arms perpendicular to each other. Using laser light, LIGO can measure the length of the two long arms perpendicular to each other.

LIGO’s long arms are actually high-vacuum long tubes, and mirrors with a diameter of 34 cm are suspended on the two sections of each long arm.

LIGO detectors use laser interference to continuously measure the distance between each pair of mirrors with extremely high accuracy.

At present, two LIGO detectors have been built, located in Washington State and Louisiana across the sea, with a distance of 3,000 kilometers between the two places.

Gravitational waves travel at the speed of light, so if a detectable gravitational wave sweeps past Earth, there will be a time difference of 10 milliseconds between the two LIGO detectors detecting the signal.

At the same time in Europe, there are two very similar gravitational wave detectors called VIRGO, and multiple detectors work together.

The first time humans discovered the gravitational waves of the merger of double black holes was on September 14, 2015 at 17:51 Yanjing time, and it was announced on February 11, 2016.

The first detection of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star merger was on October 16, 2017.

At that time, including Huaxia, scientists from many countries held a press conference simultaneously.

Then several times of phenomena were observed, and the recorded event names were all GW+6 digits.

In the event of GW190521, LIGO detected the optical path difference for the first time:

The source of the signal is about five gigaparsecs away from the earth—one gigaparsec is equivalent to about 3.26 billion light years, and the optical path difference is about 27.3% the size of an atom. (doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aba493)

Incidentally.

Gravity waves were discovered in 2015 and announced in February 2016.

Then as of GW170814 in September 2017, a total of 4 events were observed.

That is, it is discovered once every 4 months on average.

But you can guess, how many gravitational wave events have been discovered from September 2017 to November 7, 2021?

the answer is.

LIGO 90 times, VIRGO 28 times.

90+28, adding up to 118 times.

That is, once every half a month on average. (ligo.org/detections/O3bcatalog.php official website, you can see it by adding three W in front, and currently only the O3b published in November last year)

Again.

Sometimes the level of technological development really exceeds your expectations.

All right.

The topic returns to the original place.

be honest.

Georgia Terry’s question is actually quite representative in later generations, and it belongs to one of Minke’s powerful ‘theories’ to refute Michelson Morley’s experiment.

It’s a pity that these people can’t even analyze the horizontal optical path, but they still speak loudly, which is quite funny.

Some of the dark clouds wouldn’t have existed for so long if bugs had been found just by pen.

Seeing that the ‘loophole’ he found was easily torn apart by the young man Mai, Georgia Terry’s face suddenly flushed unhealthily.

He quickly looked in front of and behind him, but found that no one spoke out to help him refute.

After all, this is the subject of mathematics, divided into two extreme “one second”.

The first type is that you scan the question in one second and find that you can’t do anything in one second and can only write a solution.

The second second is the communication with industry leaders, and you will understand whether the other party is right or wrong in a second.

Such as the above derivation process.

Some people jumped here in a second, and shouted to see a lonely, cute money back.

Some people understood everything in a second, and even picked out some mistakes and omissions.

Gap.JPG.

Seeing that he is now isolated and helpless, Georgia Terry couldn’t help but take a deep breath, and resorted to the last trick:

“Luo Feng, this is just a mathematical derivation. Mathematical calculations alone cannot convince the public!”

“John Cosey Adams calculated the orbit of Neptune in 1843, but until Neptune was discovered in 1846, he was still just a teaching assistant at Cambridge University!”

“Unless you can prove that light can exhibit two properties at the same time during the experiment, the possibility I said must exist!”

After Georgia Terry finished speaking, several responses suddenly sounded from the crowd:

“Yes, it is possible!”

“I agree with Mr. Terry!”

“Ah yes yes yes!”

Xu Yun glanced over and found that most of the people who made the noise were rich and powerful with gorgeous clothes and badges on their collars.

This is normal.

After all, the theory of ether is the lifeblood of classical disciplines, and it is also the support of the aristocratic system.

Today, the modern mathematics faction led by Gauss has already had a considerable impact on the inherent classical system. If the ether theory collapses again, the consequences will be disastrous.

Therefore, even if there is only a slight chance right now, these nobles will forcefully try to continue their lives for the ether.

Looking at these unrepentant ether supporters, Xu Yun felt a slight sigh in his heart.

These aristocrats or authority.

At this time, they are all like a gambler, stud all their hopes on the only one chip.

However, what they ‘gamble’ on is no longer science or knowledge, but basic logic.

After all, for people of this era.

The nature of light in a certain experiment is certain, and it is impossible to have two kinds of changes in one experiment.

Think here.

Xu Yun couldn’t help leaving the interferometer and walked to the open space on the left.

Xu Yun’s move was mistaken by Georgia Terry as preparing to run away, so he hurriedly shouted loudly:

“That Easterner wants to escape! Stop him!”

After speaking, he was ready to rush towards Xu Yun.

But after all, other members of the Gewu Society were still standing on the scene to maintain order, and most people were reserved about their identities, so they didn’t make any rude moves.

So ever since.

The crowd slowly followed behind Xu Yun in a slow, noisy but barely controlled state.

Half a minute passed.

Xu Yun came to the third open space covered with black cloth.

He looked back at the bustling crowd and shook his head:

“I really don’t cry without seeing the coffin.”

Say it.

He bent down as if lifting a shroud.

Hula—

Pull the covering cloth of the third open space.

And with the cover cloth lifted.

The experimental equipment that was covered under the cloth and kept secret by Xu Yun for a long time finally fully revealed its true colors.

“.”

At the same time as seeing this set of equipment.

Not far away, the noisy crowd suddenly fell silent.

唰—

On the audience stage.

Together with Prince Albert, Faraday, Stokes and other bigwigs, everyone stood up suddenly:

“This is this?!”

Note:

Continue to code all night tonight, ask for a monthly pass!

(end of this chapter)